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The International Energy Agency (IEA) regularly conducts in-depth peer reviews of the energy policies of its member countries. This process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices and experience. This report on the European Union (EU) discusses the energy challenges facing the continent and recommends possible solutions to help it achieve a secure and sustainable energy future. The European Commission under President Ursula von der Leyen took office in late 2019 with an ambitious programme for the five years to come. The centrepiece initiative is the European Green Deal, which aims to prepare the EU for climate neutrality by 2050. The EU's impressive track record of decarbonising power systems through renewable energy technologies, notably offshore wind but also solar PV, offers an inspiring example for many economies around the world. It also provides a sound basis for the broader decarbonisation of Europe's economy in the longer term. To achieve climate neutrality, EU policy efforts need to focus on transport, industry and buildings, alongside policies that support energy system integration. This policy review commends the progress made by the EU, such as the creation of an internal energy market and enhancement of energy security and climate policies. The IEA provides a range of recommendations for the successful implementation of the European Green Deal in the coming years. The report also outlines opportunities for boosting shortand long-term actions for a resilient, sustainable and just recovery of the European economy.

Energy --- European Union

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- Statistiques de base de la Zone Euro, 2017   - Résumé   - Principaux éclairages sur l'action publique   - Progrès accomplis en matière de réformes structurelles   - Des politiques de stabilisation à même de rendre la Zone Euro plus résiliente.

European Union countries --- Economic conditions.

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The European recovery has been disrupted since the onset of Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine. Co-ordinated and timely policy action helped avoid a severe downturn, but the near-term outlook is clouded by uncertainty and downside risks. Monetary and fiscal policy need to become sufficiently restrictive to reduce underlying inflationary pressures durably. Fiscal sustainability should be grounded in well-prioritised, efficient public spending and underpinned by improved economic governance. Protecting the level playing field through a strong state aid framework and deepening the Single Market would open opportunities for firms to grow and innovate, facilitating needed structural change. Furthermore, achieving the net-zero target by 2050 requires an acceleration of emission reductions. More action is needed across all sectors, but particularly in sectors not covered by emission trading, notably agriculture, building and transport. Reducing emissions in these sectors will rely on regulatory measures and a gradual alignment and raising of carbon prices. An important element of the green transition is affordable and secure energy, which requires more integrated electricity markets. Deeper capital markets could support the development of new clean technologies. Moreover, improving labour mobility and skills will help to reduce transition costs.SPECIAL FEATURE: ACCELERATING THE GREEN TRANSITION.

European Union countries --- Economic conditions.

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This paper retraces the Communities external liberalisation efforts, and discusses, where relevant, the repercussions of internal liberalisation on foreign competitors. The aim of the paper is to clarify, and when feasible, to quantify the economic effects of the EU’s trade policies. To this end, it provides an overview of past liberalisation efforts, reviews trade indicators in international comparison and lays out the future trade agenda of the Community. The empirical evidence provided in the paper points to little evidence for trade diversion due to integration in Europe, while trade is likely to have boosted area-wide income significantly. It is openness in general, rather than regional integration, that has favoured growth in Europe ...

European Union countries -- Commercial policy. --- European Union countries -- Foreign economic relations. --- Free trade -- European Union countries. --- Free trade --- European Union countries --- Foreign economic relations. --- Commercial policy.

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Every four years, each of the 24 members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) with the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations Development Programme as observers is scrutinised by its peers in the Committee. Five different member countries are peer reviewed each year. This report asseses the extent to which the development policies, strategies and activities of the European Union meet the standards set by the DAC. Members provide constructive criticism and recommendations based on a report that touches on aid policies, volumes, institutions and field operations. There are no sanctions if the country fails to take the recommendations on board. The exercise is meant to encourage positive change, support mutual learning and raise the overall effectiveness of aid throughout the donor community.

Development --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- European Union